RazzLives/Dash%20Pics/westwardkingdom.png' alt='Westward Kingdoms 1 0 Exemption' title='Westward Kingdoms 1 0 Exemption' />History of Christianity New World Encyclopedia.The history of Christianity concerns the history of the Christian religion and the Church, from Jesus and his Twelve Apostles and Seventy Disciples to contemporary times.Christianity is the monotheistic religion which considers itself based on the revelation of Jesus Christ.In many Christian denominations The Church is understood theologically as the institution founded by Jesus for the salvation of humankind.This understanding is sometimes called High Church.In contrast, Low Church denominations generally emphasize the personal relationship between a believer and Jesus Christ.Christianity began in first century C.E.Jerusalem as a Jewish sect, but quickly spread throughout the Roman Empire and beyond to countries such as Ethiopia, Armenia, Georgia, Assyria, Iran, India, and China.Although it was originally persecuted, it would ultimately become the state religion of the Roman Empire 3.ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FREEMASONRY AND ITS KINDRED SCIENCES by ALBERT C.MACKEY M.D. Browse the Encyclopedia by clicking on any of the letters below.A B C D E.During the Age of Exploration, Christianity expanded throughout the world, becoming the worlds largest religion.Throughout its history, the religion has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct Churches.The two largest Churches are the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, but the various other Eastern Churches e.Oriental Orthodoxy, Protestant Churches e.Lutheranism and others represent a large portion of the Christian community as well.Westward Kingdoms 1 0 Exemption' title='Westward Kingdoms 1 0 Exemption' />As Christianity moves into the twenty first century significant efforts have been made to reconcile the schism between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, between Catholicism and Protestantism and between all the Protestant denominations.Life of Jesus 28 B.C.E. to 2. 93. 6 C.E.Though the life of Jesus is a matter of academic debate, scholars2 generally agree on the following basic points Jesus was born ca.B.C. E. and grew up in Nazareth in Galilee his ministry included recruiting disciples, who regarded him as a miracleworker, exorcist, and healer he was executed by crucifixion in Jerusalem ca.C.E. on orders of the Roman Governor of Iudaea Province, Pontius Pilate 3 and after his crucifixion,4 Jesus was buried in a tomb.Some have argued for the historicity of the empty tomb story6 and Jesus resurrection appearances.The resurrection of Jesus formed the basis and impetus of the Christian faith.It is claimed in the Bible that after Christs resurrection, he appeared to the disciples in Galilee and Jerusalem and was on the earth for 4.Ascension to heaven.The main sources of information regarding Jesus life and teachings are the four canonical Gospels and to a lesser extent the writings of Paul.Early Christianity 3.C.E. Early Christianity refers to the period when the religion spread in the Greco Roman world and beyond, from its beginnings as a first century Jewish sect,1.Christians after the ascension of Constantine the Great in 3.C.E., to the First Council of Nicaea in 3.It may be divided into two distinct phases the apostolic period, when the first apostles were alive and organizing the Church, and the post apostolic period, when an early episcopal structure developed, whereby bishoprics were governed by bishops overseers via apostolic succession.Apostolic Church.The Apostolic Church, or Primitive Church, was the community led by Jesus apostles and his relatives.According to the Great Commission, the resurrected Jesus commanded the apostles to spread his teachings to all the world.The principal source of information for this period is the Acts of the Apostles, which gives a history of the Church from the Great Commission 1 3 1.Pentecost 2 and the establishment of the Jerusalem Church to the spread of the religion among the gentiles 1.Pauls conversion 9 and eventual imprisonment house arrest 2.Rome in the mid first century.However, the accuracy of Acts is also disputed and may conflict with accounts in the Epistles of Paul1.The first Christians were essentially all ethnically Jewish or Jewish Proselytes.Jesus preached to the Jewish people and called from them his first disciples, though the earliest documented group of appointed evangelizers, called the Seventy Disciples, was not specifically ethnically Jewish.An early difficulty arose concerning Gentile non Jewish converts.Some argued that they had to become Jewish usually referring to circumcision and adherence to dietary law before becoming Christian.The decision of Peter, as evidenced by conversion of the Centurion Cornelius1.The matter was further addressed with the Council of Jerusalem.Primacy of Simon Peter and Old Testament Christian view of the Law for the modern debate.The doctrines of the apostles brought the Early Church into conflict with some Jewish religious authorities, and this eventually led to the martyrdom of Stephen and James the Great and expulsion from the synagogues.Thus, Christianity acquired an identity distinct from Rabbinic Judaism.The name Christian Greek was first applied to the disciples in Antioch, as recorded in Acts 1.Worship of Jesus.Christ Jesus,1.Good Shepherd, third century.The sources for the beliefs of the apostolic community include the Gospels and New Testament Epistles.The very earliest accounts are contained in these texts, such as early Christian creeds and hymns, as well as accounts of the Passion, the empty tomb, and Resurrection appearances often these are dated to within a decade or so of the crucifixion of Jesus, originating within the Jerusalem Church.The earliest Christian creeds and hymns express belief in the risen Jesus, e.Corinthians 1.Paul For what I received I passed on to you as of first importance that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures.The antiquity of the creed has been located by many scholars to less than a decade after Jesus death, originating from the Jerusalem apostolic community,1.No scholar dates it later than the 4.Other relevant and very early creeds include 1.John 4 2,1.Timothy 2 8,1.Romans 1 34,2.Timothy 3 1.Jewish continuity.Early Christianity retained many of the doctrines and practices of Judaism.They held the Jewish scriptures to be authoritative and sacred, employing mostly the Septuagint translation as the Old Testament, and added other texts as the New Testament canon developed.Christianity also continued other Judaic practices liturgical worship, including the use of incense, an altar, a set of scriptural readings adapted from synagogue practice, use of sacred music in hymns and prayer, and a religious calendar, as well as other distinctive features such as an exclusively male priesthood, and ascetic practices fasting, etc.The early Christians in first century believed Jehovah to be the Only true God, the God of Israel, and considered Jesus to be the Messiah Christ prophesied in the Old Testament.Post Apostolic Church.See also Apostolic Fathers.The post apostolic period encompasses the time roughly after the death of the apostles when bishops emerged as overseers of urban Christian populations, and continues during the time of persecutions until the legalization of Christian worship during the reign of Constantine the Great.The earliest recorded use of the terms Christianity Greek and Catholic Greek, dates to this period, attributed to Ignatius of Antioch c.Persecutions.From the beginning, Christians were subject to various persecutions.This involved even death for Christians such as Stephen Acts 7 5.James, son of Zebedee 1.Larger scale persecutions followed at the hands of the authorities of the Roman Empire, beginning in the year 6.Roman historian Tacitus, the Emperor Nero blamed Christians for that years great Fire of Rome.According to Church tradition, it was under Neros persecution that Peter and Paul were each martyred in Rome.Similarly, several of the New Testament writings mention persecutions and stress the importance of endurance through them.For 2.Christians suffered from sporadic persecutions for their refusal to worship the Roman emperor, which Rome considered treasonous and punishable by execution.In spite of these periodic persecutions, the Christian religion continued its spread throughout the Mediterranean Basin.The Treaty of Westphalia.The Economic Policy.Psychology Myers 8Th Edition In Modules Of Erp .That Made the Peace of Westphaliaby Pierre Beaudry.May, 2.EIR In view of the currently collapsing world financial system, which is tearing apart the Maastricht Treaty, European governments have a last opportunity to abandon the failed Anglo Dutch liberal system of private central banking and globalization, and organize the new Eurasian axis of peace centered on Russia, Germany, and France.To solve the collapse as sovereign nation states with a common interest, their historical foundation is the 1.Century Peace of Westphalia, which began the era of sovereign nation states and is now attacked by all the new imperialists and utopian military strategists.The 1.Westphalia Peace only succeeded because of an economic policy of protection and directed public creditdirigismaimed to create sovereign nation states, and designed by Frances Cardinal Jules Mazarin and his great protg Jean Baptiste Colbert.Colberts dirigist policy of fair trade was the most effective weapon against the liberal free trade policy of central banking maritime powers of the British and Dutch oligarchies.Similarly, it is only with a return to the Peace of Westphalias principle of forgiving the sins of the past, and of mutually beneficial economic development see Treaty principles, the benefit of the other, that the current Israeli Palestinian conflict could be solved on the basis of two mutually recognized sovereign states.In the Peace of Westphalia, Mazarins and Colberts common good principle of the Advantage of the other triumphed over the imperial designs of both Frances Louis XIV himself, and the Venetian controlled Hapsburg Empire.In the 1. Nucleus Kernel Digital Media Keygen . Century, the same principle brought the posthumous victory of Gottfrield Leibniz over John Locke in shaping the American republics founding documents, the victory of the pursuit of happiness and the principle of the general welfare, over Lockes life, liberty, and property.Today, that principle has created the Eurasian Land Bridge policy, as designed by U.S.Presidential pre candidate Lyndon La.Rouche, and as expressed in the economic development policies of China and some other Asian powers.This aims at transport corridors of development, spanning Eurasia from the Straits of Gibraltar to the Bering Straits, and from the North Sea to the Korean Peninsula and Southeast Asia.How Mazarin Looked Toward Westphalia.Principles of Westphalia.The Treaty of Westphalia of 1.Thirty Years War, which had drowned Europe in blood in battles over religion, defined the principles of sovereignty and equality in numerous sub contracts, and in this way became the constitution of the new system of states in Europe.We quote the two key principles Article I begins A Christian general and permanent peace, and true and honest friendship, must rule between the Holy Imperial Majesty and the Holy All Christian Majesty, as well as between all and every ally and follower of the mentioned Imperial Majesty, the House of Austria.And this Peace must be so honest and seriously guarded and nourished that each part furthers the advantage, honor, and benefit of the other.A faithful neighborliness should be renewed and flourish for peace and friendship, and flourish again.Peace among sovereign nations requires, in other words, according to this principle, that each nation develops itself fully, and regards it as its self interest to develop the others fully, and vice versaa real family of nations.Article II says On both sides, all should be forever forgotten and forgivenwhat has from the beginning of the unrest, no matter how or where, from one side or the other, happened in terms of hostilityso that neither because of that, nor for any other reason or pretext, should anyone commit, or allow to happen, any hostility, unfriendliness, difficulty, or obstacle in respect to persons, their status, goods, or security itself, or through others, secretly or openly, directly or indirectly, under the pretense of the authority of the law, or by way of violence within the Kingdom, or anywhere outside of it, and any earlier contradictory treaties should not stand against this.Instead, the fact that each and every one, from one side and the other, both before and during the war, committed insults, violent acts, hostilities, damages, and injuries, without regard of persons or outcomes, should be completely put aside, so that everything, whatever one could demand from another under his name, will be forgotten to eternity.Link to Complete Treaty of Westphalia By the early 1.Hapsburg Emperors feudal authority against the peoples of the small and war devastated German states and realizing that the horrors of the Thirty Years War were leading toward the destruction of civilization, Cardinal Jules de Mazarin acted to shift the attention of Europe away from Venetian manipulated religious conflicts, that had become an endless cycle of vengefulness of each against all.He sought to base a peace on the economic recovery and political sovereignty of the German Electorates and States, to move them towards freedom from the tyranny of the Emperor, and from Venices intrigues.In 1.
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